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The National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI) had a long journey
to where it finally majestically rests. It uses the best and last
available space on the Mall, right in front of the Capitol of the
United States. The basic collection of more that 800,000 cultural
artifacts from the Americas was amassed by George Gustav Heye, an
electrical engineer who started collecting at age 22 while working
in Arizona, on a railroad construction project in 1896. These objects
were given to the Museum of the American Indian in New York (MAI).
In March of 1989 the MAI board signed an agreement with the Smithsonian
Institution setting the stage for the new museum on the Mall in
Washington, DC. This is now a reality due to efforts by a number
of individuals including Sen. Daniel Inouye, Sen. Ben Nighthorse
Campbell, Dr. Roland Force, the director of the Museum of the American
Indian in New York, the then Secretary of the Smithsonian, Robert
McCormick Adams, the present Secretary, Lawrence Small and, most
zealously, the Founding Director of NMAI, W. Richard West, Jr.,
appointed in 1990, who is a Southern Cheyenne and member of the
Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes of Oklahoma.
The five story, 250,000 sq. ft., $219 million NMAI was originally
designed by renowned Native American architect Douglas Cardinal,
whose work includes the Canadian Museum of Civilization in Hull.
Cardinal was selected as chief design architect in 1993, but was
fired in 1998. The dispute between Cardinal and the Smithsonian
was settled out of court in 1999, but Cardinal was out. A superb
Cardinal designed structure could not be finished on time without
him, and the museum was scheduled to open in 2002 but took two more
years to finally become a reality. One person missing at the opening
ceremonies, and from all the literature about the museum, was Douglas
Cardinal. He refused to attend but is being given credit for the
design.
The NMAI is a peaceful place, a spiritual place, a place depicting
history, a place that gives voice to those muted by imperialistic
power. Most of all it is a magnificent people's place. It is full
of motion, from its textured Kasota limestone curving facade outside
to the inner movement of the sun that glows through the circular
central skyline. It is surrounded by very big rocks representing
the spirits of the ancestors and a waterfall representing rivers
and two small bodies of water one to the left and the other to the
right representing wetlands. Many native crops and plants grow around
the museum. The entrance faces the East, the sunrise.
Inside, there are no square rooms, it flows from top to bottom
with no hard edge in sight. Circular spaces surround each exhibit.
A visit begins on the top floor, where a circular movie theater
shows a shortmovie full of rich vistas and peoples in colorful costumes.
The permanent exhibition depicts a brief history of the Continent
and displays pottery, gold figures, weaving and other art forms.
A number of special exhibits representative of the peoples from
North, Central and South America followed. A wall full of guns and
rifles are also on display. After going through the historical background
of the Native American people, galleries for exhibiting contemporary
art are adorned by works by Allan Houser, George Morrison, James
Schoppert, and others including Dan Namingha, Frank Lapena, Lucy
Lewis, Marie Z. Chino, Tony Jojoya, and Joe Feddersen. It is joy
to see the spirit of the American Indian present in this museum.
After going through the entire museum one can choose to sit on
benches near the entrance or eat at the café. Museum shops
are on the first and second floors.
Having been inspired by the beauty of this unique structure and
the number of people lining up to go inside the museum, I went to
see and enjoy the festivities that were taking place outside. Concerts,
Dancing Circles, and foods with native roots were all part of celebrations
that lasted seven days. The first official celebration began with
a long procession of more than 20,000 Native Americans in typical
tribal regalia representing more that 400 tribes. Afterwards a number
of specially invited guests spoke to the participants and visitors,
one notable guest was the president of Peru, Alejandro Toledo, who
is the first Native American to ever be elected president since
the invasion begun in 1492. Toledo said: "It has taken us, my people,
500 years to have this opportunity to finally control the destiny
of our nation."
Outside the museum, folklore concerts were being performed, and
a very important venue was the Dance Circle Stage. Dance and music
groups representing different tribes and countries were invited;
two were Peruvian, one called Los Nativos de Isla Taquile headed
by Juan Quispe Huatta, the other called Los Galas de Villallaccta
headed by Damian de la Cruz (Ccarccaria), they performed "La Danza
de Tijeras" (Ccanto Scissor Dancers). Both groups came from remote
rural areas, their dark red complexions could only come from working
under the searing hot sun and the freezing night winds high in the
Andean Mountains. Their feet were cracked and they wore 'alpargates'
(sandals) made from old car tires. Both groups were so happy to
be representing their people. The shows were spectacular with no
room to sit, my heart pounded and my eyes watered from watching
and listening to these friends. The scissors dance, which represents
the cutting from the oppression of the Spaniards, is a colorful
rhythmic and enticing competition between two dancers, accompanied
by lovely music coming from a harp and a violin, and is a sensational
work of art.
Every year in the US and every other country in the Americas people
celebrate the "discovery" of America by Christopher Columbus on
October 12, 1492. This day is stamped on every calendar, yet people
lived here long before any Spanish sponsored voyage made landfall.
It is evident that for most indigenous people in the Americas, this
is not a date for celebration. Most were raped or killed by the
'conquistadors.' The sight of the nearby Capitol recalls Congressional
refusal to comply with signed treaties leading to eradication of
entire tribes. It was stated by one "Chief" at the celebration of
the opening of the new museum, "We were here before it was America,
and we will be here long after the Statue of Liberty and the United
States disappear."
This multi-cultural American Indian Celebration was long overdue,
and it was important to have taken place in the capital of the most
powerful country in the world. Hopefully it will lead to a reassessment
of the achievements of the American Indian, and the many laudable
aspects of the culture.
Miguel Benavides
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