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Chagall was a superb draughtsman even though in his technique
he did not revolutionise drawing in the way Matisse or Picasso did.
Chagall, however, drew all his life. Pivotal to his impressive and
lyrical oeuvre was the fact that he made no distinction between
different forms of art in terms of their respective importance.
There was no hierarchy in the arts for Chagall; he gave a poster
the same level of attention as a painting. He was also a natural
technician and produced outstanding lithographs, etchings and stained
glass, ceramics and sculptures, stage sets and designs. He was described
as being in love with his trade.
Chagall produced almost five hundred copperplate prints and woodcuts,
around 50 stained glass windows, seven tapestries. However, he was
less happy where he was forced to rely on the expertise of assistants
(mosaicists, weavers) than when he had the complete solitude that
his ceramics allowed.
Sculpture and ceramics are in complete harmony with the artist's
will. There is no intermediary between the artist's hands and
his material, and Chagall, unlike most artists, was not content
with decorating pieces made by professional potters. He himself
moulded his clay and created original forms, thus becoming —
unusually — a painter sculpting in ceramic. Chagall's profound
originality is here expressed in his material. His imagination
and poetic vision flowed freely and he was not restricted by any
previously drawn drafts. His fantasies were given their ultimate
form of expression.1
He devoted a full decade to ceramics in which he produced an impressive
220 works. Until the present publication, edited by Roland Doschka,
Marc Chagall: Ceramic Masterpieces, there has been no comprehensive
publication of this aspect of his work. Prestel's new book comprises
110 colour illustrations, which are full page, an appropriate tribute
to this previously little known work. There are essays by Doschka,
Hajo Düchting, Meret Meyer Graber and Charles Sorlier.
Chagall left Europe for America in 1941; in fact he arrived in
New York on the day of the German invasion of Russia. There he found
expatriate friends: Ferdinand Léger, André Masson,
Piet Mondrian, André Breton. He achieved the accolade there
of having an exhibition in 1946 at the Museum of Modern Art. In
1944 his wife Bella had died suddenly; Chagall was unable to work
for ten months. In 1947 he returned to Paris for a retrospective
at the re-opening of the Musée d'Art Moderne. Soon after
(1949) he settled in a small Provençal village near Vence
where an ancient ceramic tradition existed. The traditional techniques
in the 19th century had been revived, and then infused, with an
avant-garde love of experiment. Here, in the nearby Vallauris the,
‘revival of artistic ceramics (was) in fact principally due
to Picasso whose innovations in the field were continually before
Chagall's eyes’.2 Other artists in the early 20th century worked
in the ceramic medium including Bonnard, Renoir, Redon, Derain,
Rouault and Matisse. For Chagall there was a special primal symbolism
in ceramics, using the earth and transforming it through fire. In
1952 in the preface to an exhibition in New York, he described the
experience:
These few pieces, these few examples in ceramics, are a kind
of appetiser: the result of my life in the south of France where
the significance of this craft is still felt so strongly. Even
the earth I stand on exudes light. She looks at me looks at me
lovingly as if she wants to call me. I wanted to feel this earth
just like the craftsman old and avoid any random ornamentation
and, keeping within the limits of ceramics, I wanted to breathe
the resonance of a simultaneously close yet distant art into it…3
In his ceramic work, as in his graphics, Chagall worked in cycles
and themes. His ceramic painting was expressive and masterful. He
made beautiful images contrasting matt and glossy glazes for example.
Using biblical themes he made 41 ceramics between 1950—1952.
The biblical story, ‘entered the personal space and brought
the message of the Bible directly into the private domain’.4
Many of the subjects for the ceramics had been worked by Chagall
in other media, for example, gouaches and etchings. His first ceramics
were painted images onto existing Provençal ware. He used
the same local ceramics for his daughter's wedding in Madoura in
1951. It comprised ‘some seventy-five individual pieces —
cups, plates, bowls, platters and a soup tureen — with fantastic
and poetic images. The pieces exude happiness and convey Chagall's
blessings in blue or bluish-brown brush drawings. Each piece was
decorated differently — with flowers, still lifes, loving couples,
nudes, animals, and circus motifs’.5 Soon after, he began to
make his own pieces in clay.
In their visual manifestation and thematic content, the Australian
artist Arthur Boyd, (1920-1999) sought to emulate Chagall. Boyd's
father Merric Boyd is recognised as Australia's first artist-potter,
and his six children all learnt to work with clay and fire the kiln.
Arthur Boyd and fellow artists began a commercial pottery, albeit
on a small scale, towards the end of the war (1944). He produced
some very fine ceramic sculptures and paintings on large handmade
tiles of Biblical (Adam and Eve) and mythological (Icarus) themes
at this time. However, it was not until he moved to London in 1959
that he would have actually seen examples of Chagall's ceramic work.
Boyd had known Chagall's work from reproductions in Australia.
Ironically, Australian art historian's have played down the impact
of Chagall's imagery and style on Boyd's work. Boyd's borrowing
of images from Chagall began with the levitating figures and copulating
couples and beasts, which he placed in the Australian bush. Boyd
in fact dedicated one of his most important series of paintings
and graphic works, in the 1960s (including stage sets for Covent
Garden) to the theme of Lovers and Beasts; the title of one of Chagall's
vases (1957) in the new publication is The Lovers and the Beast.
Visually Boyd's debt to Chagall is compelling; both artists worked
with ceramics from quite different positions in the 1950s in France
and Australia respectively, and yet produced work that was strikingly
similar. This new publication on Chagall's ceramics serves to remind
one of the profound influence exerted by Chagall on Australia's
leading artist of the 20th century, and many others.6 Within the
European tradition in the early 20th century, it was natural for
artists to work in a wide variety of media but in Australia it was
less so.
Roland Doschka is author of books on Picasso, Chagall and Klee.
The essays in the new book are fluid and authoritative, describing
Chagall's ceramic technique in relation to the artist's broader
achievements. Chagall's ceramics have only been exhibited rarely,
given the usual problems of their fragility. The most comprehensive
showing was at the Grand Palais in Paris, Homage to Chagall
(1969-1970). This was the only significant show where 92 ceramics
and 26 sculptures were exhibited.
In Chagall's long and productive career, he focused on ceramics
for only 15 years, from 1950 onwards. As Doschka's book demonstrates,
it was not merely an adjunct to his wider career but an area he
worked at with passion and conviction. The themes that are central
to his oeuvre are all to be found in the ceramics: biblical
scenes, mythical creatures, the circus, the Paris cycle, embracing
couples, flowers and Vence. This new publication is illustrated
to perfection, revealing the artist's mastery and passion for a
most fascinating medium. Meret Meyer Graber writes:
During the years Chagall worked with ceramics, he did not relegate
painting and drawing to a subordinate position. On the contrary
painting and ceramics (like all of the media he focused on) remained
in continuous dialogue, the one enriching the other in a mutual
fusion. Experience with ceramics, working with the clay of the
earth, flowed into his painting and led to a redefinition and
restructuring of the painted surface. This was and always remained
the foremost concern of the painter Marc Chagall.7
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